Tools

To be an effective Marine Mammal Observer (MMO) and/or Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) operator, certain knowledge and skills are required, including background knowledge of marine mammals and an ability to estimate range and bearing to a sighting. The Marine Mammal Observer and Passive Acoustic Monitoring Handbook explains everything in detail, and provides regional distribution tables of marine and freshwater mammal species, as well as hearing and vocalisation ranges for each species. Provided here are brief how-to-guides for some essential skills like estimating range and bearing to sightings.

Bearing estimation

An angle board is used most commonly for estimating bearing to a sighting. They are simple to produce, but an …

Range estimation using a range stick

Estimating range to sightings is a key skill for Marine Mammal Observers (MMOs). Described here is how to make, and …

Range estimation using reticle binoculars

An essential skill for all Marine Mammal Observers is the ability to estimate range to a sighting. Demonstrated here is …

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